\chapter{副词从句简化\small{之二}}
简化从句有精简、浓缩的特色，也是个修辞效果相当好的句型，其中又以副词从句的简化最为复杂。

\section{简化为Ven}
从属从句简化的共同原则是省略主语与be动词。副词从句中如果原来是被动态（be+Ven），那么简化之后没有了be动词，就会成为Ven的形态。如：

\wordtag{After he was shot in the knee}{副词从句}, he couldn't fight. \vspace{1ex}

例句中副词从句的主语he与主要从句的主语相同，可以简化。省去主语与be动词后，不再需要连接词，成为：

\wordtag{Shot in the knee}{简化副词从句}, he couldn't fight. \vspace{1ex}

\subsection{是否保留连接词}
上例中连接词after可以不留，因为shot是过去分词，本身就表示``已经中枪''``中枪之后''，已有完成式的暗示，因而不再需要after一词。但下例不同：

\wordtag{Although he was shot in the knee}{副词从句}, he killed three more enemy soldiers. \vspace{1ex}

句中连接词although带有``相反''的暗示，省去后意思会有出入，应该予以保留：

\wordtag{Although shot in the knee}{简化副词从句}, he killed three more enemy soldiers. \vspace{1ex}

或者，如果省略although的话，也必须用其他方式来表示句中的``相反''暗示，如：

Shot in the knee, he \uline{still} killed three more enemy soldiers.

\subsection{三个特殊的连接词}
连接词如果要留下来，要注意一点：before、after、since这三个连接词也可以当介系词用。如果其中任何一个出现在简化从句中，由于没有了主语、动词，这个连接词就得当介系词看待，亦即：后面要接名词。如：

\wordtag{Before it was redecorated}{副词从句}, the house was in bad shape.\vspace{1ex}

副词从句简化之后，连接词before不能省略，否则意思会不同，成为：

Redecorated, the house was in bad shape.

因为过去分词redecorated有完成的暗示，上面这句的意思是``重新装潢后，这栋房子状况很糟''。若要维持原意，则连接词before不能省略。但是，before是可以当介系词使用的连接词，留下来又会有问题：

\sout{Before redecorated, the house was in bad shape}. (误)

上句的错误在于before此时是介系词，后面却只有形容词类的redecorated，造成语法错误。修改的办法是改变redecorated的词性。若要保留其被动态，就不能作词尾的词类变化，只能在前面加being来作词类变化：

\wordtag{Before being redecorated}{简化副词从句}, the house was in bad shape. \vspace{1ex}

be动词是没有内容的字眼。在此加上being一词，纯粹是因应词类变化的需求：用动名词词尾的-ing来变成名词，以符合before介系词的要求。另外，以此例而言，忽略redecorated的被动态，改成名词redecorated，意思仍不失清楚：

\wordtag{Before redecoration}{介系词短语},the house was in bad shape. \vspace{1ex}

除before外，after和since这两个连接词如需保留，也都要注意词类的问题。

\subsection{如何应用having been}
许多学习者对having been颇觉困扰，在此用一例说明其用法：

1. \wordtag{Because they had been warned}{副词从句}, they proceeded carefully. \vspace{1ex}

简化此句的副词从句时，主语they当然可以先省掉。动词had been warned有两种处理方式。be动词固然没有内容，可省略，但是had been是be动词的完成式，有``已经……''的意味。如果要保留下来，就得先把had been改成分词类的having been，成为：

2. \wordtag{Having been warned}{简化副词从句}, they proceeded carefully. \vspace{1ex}

另外，如果忽略句1中had been的完成式内容，把整个be动词的完成式视同一般的be动词，随主语一起省略，可把例1简化为：

3. \wordtag{Warned}{简化副词从句}, they proceeded carefully. \vspace{1ex}

此句中，warned是过去分词，本身就有完成的暗示（表示``已经''受到警告），所以把had been省略并不影响句意。

如果把句2与句3比较一下，可发现：having been后面如果跟的是过去分词，那么即使把having been省略，在语法上同样正确，而且在意思上也相同。因为句2的having been是表达``已经''的意思，而句3里的warned同样表达了``已经''的意思。所以，having been后面如果跟的是过去分词，就可省略，不会有任何影响。

\subsection{主语不同时}
副词从句简化为Ven，如果主语和主要从句的主语不同，就得把主语留下来，不得省略。如：

\wordtag{When the coffin had been interred(vt. 埋；葬)}{副词从句},the minister said a few comforting words. \vspace{1ex}

副词从句的主语是棺材，和主要从句的主语牧师不同，不能省略，不然会出现下面的结果：

\sout{(Having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words.} (误)

这个意思是``入土之后，牧师说了几句安慰的话。''就是说牧师入土了，在地下说话!正确的做法是：主语不同时要把主语留下，动词加以简化，并省去连接词，成为：

\wordtag{The coffin (having been) interred}{简化副词从句}, the minister said a few comforting words. 

\subsection{简化为to V}
如果原来的副词从句中有语气助动词(can、should、must之类)，带有不确定的语气，简化之后会成为不定词。如：

He studied hard \wordtag{in order that he could get a scholarship}{副词从句}. \vspace{1ex}

副词从句的动词could get并不表示拿到了奖学金，只是想要拿，有不确定语气。这时可简化为不定词。所有的语气助动词都可改写为be+to的形状，意思不会大变。所以助动词的简化，去除了be动词就剩下to，成为不定词：

He studied hard \wordtag{in order to get a scholarship}{简化副词从句}. \vspace{1ex}

再看一例：

I'll only be too glad \wordtag{if I can help}{副词从句}. \vspace{1ex}

副词从句中的动词can help有助动词在，仍是不确定语气：还没开始帮忙。简化后成为：

I'll only be too glad \uline{to help}.

副词从句中凡有助动词存在，简化的结果都一样：连接词省略，主语如果相同亦省略，助动词拿掉be动词后变成to，所以就剩下to V的结果。

\section{单纯的be动词时}
如果副词从句的动词是单纯的be动词，后面可能是一般的名词、形容词类的补语。简化时，首先得注意主语要和主要从句的主语相同，然后才可以把连接词留下来，省去主语和be动词，留下补语。如：

\subsection{介系词短语}
\wordtag{When you are under attack}{副词从句}, you must take over immediately. \vspace{1ex}

这个副词从句的动词是be动词，补语是介系词短语under attack。简化后成为：

\uline{When under attack}, you must take over immediately.

\subsection{形容词}
\wordtag{While it is small in size}{副词从句}, the company is very competitive. \vspace{1ex}

副词从句中的补语是形容词small，简化方式相同：

\uline{While small in size}, the company is very competitive.

\subsection{名词}
\wordtag{Although he was a doctor by training}{副词从句}, Asimov became a writer. \vspace{1ex}

副词从句中的补语是名词a doctor，简化后成为：

\uline{Although a doctor by training}, Asimov became a writer.

归纳：副词从句的连接词不同于名词从句或形容词从句，是有意义的连接词，简化时常要留下来。一旦留下连接词，那么它是由副词从句简化而成这一点就十分明显。所以，拿掉主语与be动词后，不论什么词类的补语---名词、形容词、介系词短语---都可以留下来。

有两点要\emph{注意}：如果连接词是before与after之类，简化后成为介系词，后面后能接名词类。另外，表示原因的连接词because与since，简化后通常不能原样留下来，要改成because of、as a result of之类的介系词。

\section{改为介系词短语}
副词从句的连接词有表达某种逻辑关系的意义。简化时有一种特别的做法，就是把连接词改为意义近似的介系词，整个从句简化为名词后，作为介系词的宾语。

\wordtag{When she arrived at the party}{副词从句}, she found all the people gone. \vspace{1ex}

与连接词when近似的介系词有on和upon。上面的句子可改为：

\wordtag{Upon arriving at the party}{介系词短语}, she found all the people gone.\vspace{1ex}

因为介系词后面只有一个宾语的空间，所以句型要大幅精简，所有重复、空洞的字眼都要删去，有意义的部分尽量保留。通常可把动词改成动名词，如上例。不过也可：

\wordtag{Upon her arrival at the party}{介系词短语}, she found all the people gone. \vspace{1ex}

动词arrive直接改成名词arrival，符合词类要求而意思不变。下例有所不同：

\wordtag{When she completed the project}{副词从句}, she was promoted. \vspace{1ex}

同样的，副词从句可改写为介系词加动名词。

\wordtag{Upon completing the project}{介系词短语},she was promoted. \vspace{1ex}

可是动词complete如改成completion，就会有问题：

\uline{\sout{Upon completion the project}}, she was promoted. (误)

错误在于complete后有宾语the project。一旦变成名词的completion，原来的宾语无所归依，所以要加介系词of来处理：

\wordtag{Upon completion of the project}{介系词短语}, she was promoted.\vspace{1ex}

再看一例：

The construction work was delayed \wordtag{because it had been raining}{副词从句}. \vspace{1ex}

上例中副词从句的连接词可改为介系词because of，成为：

The construction work was delayed \wordtag{because of rain}{介系词短语}. \vspace{1ex}

副词从句中虚主语it，及动词had been都可省略，有意义的只有rain一词要留下来。再看一例：

\wordtag{Although he opposed it}{副词从句}, the plan was carried out. \vspace{1ex}

例句中连接词although和介系词despite或in spite of意思接近，可改为：

\wordtag{Despite his opposition}{介系词短语}, the plan was carried out.\vspace{1ex}

副词从句中的宾语it，其内容与主要从句重复，是多余字眼。Although改为介系词Despite后，只能接一个宾语，里面要放下he opposed这个部分的概念，于是将词类变化为his opposition。再看一例：

\wordtag{If there should be a fire}{副词从句}, the sprinkler will be started. \vspace{1ex}

例句中的连接词if和介系词in case of近似。改写后，副词从句中的there should be这几个没有内容的词都要省略，只要把有意义的fire放进去就好：

\wordtag{In case of a fire}{介系词短语}, the sprinkler will be started. \vspace{1ex}

副词从句改为介系词短语，是大幅度的简化。许多连接词都找得到近似的介系词。然而，改过后，只余一个名词的空间来装下整个从句的内容，所以要大量精简。装不下时就不要这样简化，或另辟蹊径。如：

Because the exam is only a week away, I have no time to waste. 

这个副词从句的主语the exam和主要从句的主语I不同，不易简化，需改成介系词短语：

With the exam only a week away, I have no time to waste.

连接词because改成介系词with。原来的主语the exam作它的宾语。be动词省略后，主语补语only a week away就成了宾语补语，完成了简化工作。

\section{结语}
简化从句对认识与写作复杂的句型有极大帮助。下一章采用sentence-combining的方式，将若干个单句组合成复合句，再进一步简化到只剩下一个完整的从句。这一方面可复习语法句型观念，另一方面也是英语写作的最佳练习。
\section{测试}
\subsection{练习一}
将下列各句中的副词从句（即画线部分）改写为简化从句。
\begin{enumerate}
    \item \uline{After he was told to report to his supervisor}, the clerk left in a hurry.
    \item \uline{Although he was ordered to leave}, the soldier did not move an inch.
    \item The plan must be modified \uline{before it is put into effect}.
    \item \uline{Because it had been bombed twice in the previous week}, the village was a total wreck.
    \item \uline{When all things are considered}, I cannot truly say that this was an accident.
    \item \uline{When the job was done}, the secretary went home.
    \item He took on two extra jobs \uline{so that he could feed his family}.
    \item \uline{If you are in doubt}, you should look up the word in the dictionary.
    \item \uline{Because pork is so expensive}, I'm buying beef instead.
    \item \uline{When we consider his handicap(n. 障碍；不利条件)}, he has done very well indeed.
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{练习二}
\begin{multicols}{2}
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item \blank not a big star,the actor played in hundreds of films.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item Although 
            \item He was 
            \item Because
            \item Despite 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Eisenhauer was president of Columbia University \blank President of the USA.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item before he becomes
            \item before becoming 
            \item before 
            \item before become 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Gold remains stable even \blank to extremely high temperatures.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item when is heated
            \item it heated 
            \item when to heat 
            \item when heated
        \end{enumerate}
        \item \blank, the stock market crashed.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item With investor confidence gone 
            \item When investor confidence gone 
            \item when investors lose confidence
            \item With investors lost confidence
        \end{enumerate}
        \item A monkey's brain is small \blank with the human brain.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item when they are compared
            \item when compare 
            \item compared 
            \item to compare them 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Picasso did many of his abstract paintings \blank living in Paris.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item that he was 
            \item during 
            \item while 
            \item and 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item \blank at correct angles, diamonds reflect light brilliantly.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item When carved
            \item If it is carved 
            \item Carving 
            \item If carving 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item \blank,the children gradually learned to be indepentdent.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item Because their father gone 
            \item Their father was gone 
            \item Due to their father was gone 
            \item With their father gone 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item She broke into tears \blank the news.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item upon hearing 
            \item because hearing 
            \item when heard 
            \item when she hears
        \end{enumerate}
        \item \blank the truth, I know nothing about it.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item To tell you 
            \item Telling you 
            \item I tell you 
            \item I told you 
        \end{enumerate}
    \end{enumerate}
\end{multicols}

\section{答案}
\subsection{练习一}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item \uline{(Having been) told to report to his supervisor}, the clerk left in a hurry.
    \item \uline{Although ordered to leave}, the soldier did not move an inch.
    \item The plan must be modified \uline{before being put into effect}.
    \item \uline{(Having been) bombed twice in the previous week}, the village was a total wreck.
    \item \uline{All things considered}, I cannot truly say that this was an accident.
    \item \uline{The job done}, the secretary went home.
    \item He took on two extra jobs \uline{(so as) to feed his family}.
    \item \uline{If in doubt}, you should look up the word in the dictionary.
    \item \uline{With pork so expensive}, I'm buying beef instead.
    \item \uline{Considering his handicap}, he has done very well indeed.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{练习二}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item (A) 副词从句Although he was not a big star的简化
    \item (B) 副词从句before he became President of the USA的简化
    \item (D) 副词从句even when it is heated的简化 
    \item (A) 副词从句Because investor confidence was gone简化成介系词短语
    \item (C) 副词从句when it is compared的简化
    \item (C) 副词从句while he was living的简化 
    \item (A) 副词从句When they are carved的简化
    \item (D) 副词从句Because their father was gone简化成介系词短语
    \item (A) 副词从句as soon as she heard the news简化成介系词短语
    \item (A) 副词从句If I can tell you the truth的简化
\end{enumerate}
